Physical fundamentals of nanomaterials（纳米材料物理基础） azw3 极速 下载 snb txt pdf pdb 夸克云

本书以*原始论文为素材，采取从读者出发的角度和态度，将纳米材料学发展现状和水平呈献给广大读者。着浓墨于纳米材料*主要和通常使用的制备方法、纳米材料的结构、它的形成机理、特别是

纳米材料物理性能理论的内容，而且包括了纳米材料的力学、热学、光学、电学、磁学等物理学性能方 面的内容。书中独特地强调了纳米材料的双刃性。

本书没有像其他纳米材料类书籍一样按照纳米材料的种类来编写，而是在作者总结和归纳的基础上 将其共性问题抽提出来进行阐述和讨论，使读者纳米材料的物理基础理论研究进展有了更深入地了解。

本书不仅能够给从事纳米材料研究的科研、技术人员以参考，而且能够拓宽相关专业高年级本科生和研究生的学术视野。

Foreword                        xi

Preface              xiii

Translator’s Preface    xv

Preface to the English Version of “Physical

Fundamentals of Nanomaterials”                 xvii

Acknowledgment and Authorization Details for Figures Used in the Book                     xix

CHAPTER 1 Introduction                       

1

1.1 Nanomaterial Age     1

1.2 What Are Nanomaterials?              

3

1.3 History of Nanomaterial Development             5

1.3.1 Germination Stage     5

1.3.2 Preliminary Preparation Stage             

7

1.3.3 Rapid-Development Stage     8

1.3.4 Industrial and Commercial Application Stage              10

1.4 Importance of Nanomaterials                

11

1.4.1 Nanotechnology Programs of Leading Countries         11

1.4.2 Nanotechnology Investment Among Leading Countries                 11

1.4.3 Analysis of the Importance of Nanotechnology           13

1.5 Potential Problems of Nanomaterials             14

1.6 Purpose of This Book: Fundamentals of Nanomaterial Physics             17

References            18

CHAPTER 2 Principles, Methods, Formation Mechanisms, and Structures of

Nanomaterials Prepared via Gas-Phase Processes        19

2.1 Principles of Physical Vapor Deposition        20

2.1.1 Nucleation             21

2.1.2 Growth            22

2.2 Physical Vapor Deposition               

26

2.2.1 Electrical Resistance Heating Method   

26

2.2.2 Plasma Heating Method         29

2.2.3 Laser Heating Method             31

2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition        38

2.3.1 CVD Thermodynamics and Kinetics                            39

2.3.2 CVD Process Technology for Nanomaterial Preparation              42

2.3.3 Catalytic CVD and CNT Preparation        

                  48

2.4 Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition            58

2.4.1 Magnetic Filtration and FCVA Devices                       59

2.4.2 Examples of Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Deposition Films             60

2.5 Comparison of Various Vapor Deposition Methods                65

References                66

CHAPTER 3 Principles, Methods, Formation Mechanisms, and Structures of

Nanomaterials Prepared in the Liquid Phase                71

3.1 Precipitation                72

3.1.1 Coprecipitation and Fractional Precipitation                72

3.1.2 Homogeneous Precipitation                           75

3.2 Sol-Gel Method                     82

3.2.1 Sol-Gel Procedure                

83

3.2.2 Sol-Gel Reaction Mechanism            

83

3.2.3 Examples of Sol-Gel Prepared Nanomaterials                  84

3.3 Chemical-Reduction Method         94

3.3.1 Chemical-Reduction Preparation Technology             94

3.3.2 Chemical-Reduction Reaction Mechanisms               102

3.3.3 Preparation of Crystalline Nanomaterials via Chemical Reduction              103

3.4 Comparison of Various Liquid Nanoparticle Preparation Methods      108

References        109

CHAPTER 4 Principles, Methods, Formation Mechanisms, and Structures of

Nanomaterials Prepared via Solid-Phase Syntheses    113

4.1 Mechanical Alloying         114

4.1.1 Ball Mill          115

4.1.2 MA Process Parameters                               116

4.1.3 MA-Prepared Nanopowder Formation Mechanisms                    120

4.1.4 Examples of Nanomaterials Synthesized via Mechanical Alloying             123

4.2 Nanomaterial Preparation via Solid-Phase Methods             127

4.2.1 Preparation of Bulk Nanomaterials via Solid-Phase Methods    128

4.2.2 Amorphous Nanocrystallization      

            139

4.3 Microstructures and Defects in Body Nanomaterials           153

4.3.1 Grains in Body Nanomaterials                   153

4.3.2 Grain Boundaries in Body Nanomaterials                   157

4.3.3 Defects in Body Nanomaterials        

         163

References                172

CHAPTER 5 Principles, Methods, Formation Mechanisms, and Structures of

Nanomaterials Prepared via Self-Assembly                 177

5.1 What Is Self-Assembly?                 

178

5.2 Types and Common Characteristics of Self-Assembly Mechanisms     179

5.2.1 Types of Self-Assembly Mechanisms                         179

5.2.2 Common Characteristics of Self-Assembly                182

5.3 Nanomaterial Fabrication via Self-Assembly                       183

5.3.1 Metal and Alloy Components                      183

5.3.2 Semiconductor Components                       187

5.3.3 Polymer Supermolecules and Biomolecular Components             192

5.4 Template-Based Nanomaterial Fabrication                            202

5.4.1 Fabrication of Ordered Nanohole Templates                202

5.4.2 Metal and Alloy Nanomaterials Prepared via Templated Self-Assembly                            204

5.4.3 Preparation of Semiconductor Nanomaterials via Self-Assembly                 206

References            209

CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Nanomaterials        211

6.1 Elasticity of Nanomaterials                

212

6.2 Strengths, Hardnesses and HallPetch Relationships in Nanomaterials          216

6.2.1 Experimental Strength Data                       217

6.2.2 The Relationship Between Hardness and HallPetch Effects     222

6.3 Nanomaterial Fracture and Fatigue                       223

6.3.1 Facture Strength and Toughness                  224

6.3.2 Fatigue        226

6.4 Nanomaterial Creep and Superplasticity               229

6.4.1 Creep                  230

6.4.2 Superplasticity    237

6.5 Deformation and Fracture Mechanisms in Nanomaterials                    242

6.5.1 Nanomaterial Deformation Mechanisms                    243

6.5.2 Nanomaterial Fracture Mechanisms                            245

References                        248

CHAPTER 7 Thermal Properties of Nanomaterials                251

7.1 Melting Point               252

7.1.1 Elevated and Lowered Nanomaterial Melting Points                  252

7.1.2 Nanomaterial Melting Point Simulations                    253

7.1.3 Melting Enthalpy and Entropy in Nanomaterials        258

7.1.4 Nanoalloy Phase Diagrams                          259

7.2 Thermal Conductivity                          261

7.2.1 Experimental Measurement of Nanomaterial Thermal Conductivities                              261

7.2.2 Theoretical Simulation of Nanomaterial Thermal Conductivity                  268

7.3 Specific Heat                        

270

7.3.1 Debye Temperatures of Nanomaterials                        270

7.3.2 Specific Heats of Nanomaterials                276

7.4 Thermal Expansion                     

281

References         287

CHAPTER 8 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials               291

8.1 Light Absorption of Nanomaterials                       292

8.1.1 Instances of Light Absorption Nanomaterials            292

8.1.2 Red- and Blueshift Phenomenon of Light Absorption                 294

8.2 Colors of Nanomaterials                

298

8.3 Light-Emission of Nanomaterials                           301

8.3.1 Quantum Yield            302

8.3.2 Photoluminescence of Nanomaterials                           305

8.3.3 Electroluminescence of Nanomaterials                        311

8.4 Magnetooptical Properties of Nanomaterials                        319

8.4.1 Magnetooptical Effect                

319

8.4.2 Magnetooptical Effect of Metal Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle Films     322

8.4.3 Magnetooptical Effect of Oxide Nanoparticles           328

8.4.4 Magnetooptical Effect of Composite Structure of Amorphous Magnetic

Nanoparticles     331

References                333

CHAPTER 9 Electrical Properties of Nanometer Materials                 337

9.1 Resistivity of Nanomaterials            

338

9.1.1 Resistivity of Metal Nanomaterials            338

9.1.2 Resistivity of Alloy Nanomaterials            345

9.1.3 Resistivity of Semiconductor Nanomaterials                347

9.1.4 Resistivity of Oxide Nanomaterials                            349

9.2 Theoretical Simulation of Resistivity for Nanomaterials                        352

9.2.1 FS and MS Resistivity Theory                   352

9.2.2 Theoretical Calculation of Resistivity of Metal Nanowires         353

9.2.3 Empirical Formula for Nanomaterial Resistivity        355

9.3 Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Nanomaterials                      356

9.3.1 Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency and Related Parameters                  356

9.3.2 Thermoelectric Conversion Efficiency of Nanomaterials            360

9.3.3 Theoretical Calculations of Conversion Efficiency for Nanothermoelectric

Materials           363

9.4 Superconductivity of Nanomaterials                      366

9.4.1 Superconductivity of Nanoparticle               366

9.4.2 Superconductivity of Nanofilms                  367

9.4.3 Nanowire Superconductivity                       373

References                382

CHAPTER 10 Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials            387

10.1 Magnetic Moment of Nanometer Magnetic Materials            388

10.1.1 Magnetic Moment of 3D Atomic Group Ferromagnetic Metals                  388

10.1.2 Magnetic Moment of 3D Ferromagnetic Clusters of Superlattice              392

10.1.3 Magnetic Moments of Nonferromagnetic Three Metal Clusters                 396

10.2 Curie Temperature of Nanomagnetic Materials                    398

10.2.1 Reduction of Curie Temperature               398

10.2.2 Curie Temperature of Superlattice                            402

10.3 Magnetization and Coercivity of Nanometer Magnetic Materials        406

10.3.1 Magnetization            406

10.3.2 Coercivity             413

10.4 Magnetoresistance and Giant Magnetoresistance of Nanometer Magnetic

Materials                     423

10.4.1 Magnetoresistance and Anisotropic Magnetoresistance             423

10.4.2 Magnetoresistance of Nanometer Manganese Perovskite         426

10.4.3 Giant Magnetoresistance                          436

References                    446

Index                        451

张邦维，湖南大学应用物理系，教授、博导，材料物理科学家。湖南大学应用物理专业和实验室创始人，中国高等科学技术中心（世界实验室）成员，中国科学院国际材料物理中心长期成员，中国材料研究会高级会员，中国物理学会会员，美国物理学会会员。湖南省第八届政协委员。1992年起享受政府特殊津贴。多次获教学奖。 　　1958 年毕业于吉林大学物理系，先后在吉林大学、中国科学院金属研究所、湖南大学工作。曾任德国等离子体物理研究所、美国弗吉尼亚大学材料科学系客座教授，并多次到荷兰FOM研究所、美国康莱狄克大学材料科学系做学术报告。提出了有其特色的非晶态合金形成理论，固溶体理论和普适分析型嵌入原子模型理论。创新并系统地研究了数种非晶态和纳米合金系材料。曾获省部级科技进步二等奖2次，三等奖3次。获德国马普奖学金。完成国家自然科学基金、省部委和国际合作科研课题16项，发表学术论文209篇(英文112篇，中文97篇)。

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