百年百部中国儿童文学经典书系（2016版）·城南旧事（最新版） azw3 极速 下载 snb txt pdf pdb 夸克云

本书是著名女作家林海音以自己七岁到十三岁的生活为背景，回忆20世纪20年代在老北京城的童年的一部自传体长篇小说。

全书透过英子童稚的双眼，观看大人世界的喜怒哀乐、悲欢离合，直到爸爸病故，她的童年随之结束，她的旁观者身份也至此结束，在十三岁的年纪“开始负起了不是小孩子该负的责任”，淡淡的哀愁与沉沉的相思，却道尽人世复杂的情感，感染了一代又一代读者。

本书曾被评为“20世纪中文小说一百强”，20世纪80年代被搬上银幕，曾获中国电影金鸡奖等多项大奖。

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   林海音(1918-2001),原名林含英,小名英子,原籍台湾苗栗，生于日本，长于北京，曾任《世界日报》记者、《联合报》副刊主编等职。林海音一生创作颇丰,迄今已出版了多部长篇小说、中短篇小说集、散文集、童话集等,成名作为以北平为题材的小说《城南旧事》。她的文字深得读着喜爱,被誉为台湾文学的“祖母级人物”。

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一个重要的例外是法兰西王国。从17世纪后期开始,法兰西统治的皮普尼德斯王朝(Pippinids),充分利用了封臣与君主之间的关系来确保武士精英不仅在军事活动方面的合作,同时在整个法兰西王国所统治的领土上其他方面治理的合作。他们将一种源于罗马(和基督教会)的制度--“恩赐”纳人封臣关系中。即,他们授予每一个封臣一块土地,合适的说法可以被叫做“封地”(feudum,或者fief)

........the counterpart to the ruler is typically represented not by individuals, but by constituted bodies of various kinds: local assemblies of aristocrats, ecclesiastical bodies, cities, corporate associations. Taken singly, each of these bodies---the 'estates'--- represents a different collective entity: a region's noblemen of a given rank, the residents of a town, the faithful of a parish or the practitioner of a trade. Taken together, these bodies claim to represent a wider, more abstract, territorial entity---country, Land, terra, pays ---- which, they assert, the ruler is entitled to rule only to the extent that he upholds its distinctive customs and serves its interests.

....the rule can rule legitimately only to the extent that periodically he convenes the estates of a given re...

根据这一观点,主权应当由一个不同于所有其他社会力量的权力中心所享有,这是很重要的,因为这些社会力量只关心具有特定政治意义的自己利益。从这个角度来讲,这一观点成了另一个文艺复兴时期的“存在之理性”(ratio status)观念的补充。

后一个观念所包含的两个方面是相关的。第一个方面--该观念的声名和争议均来于此--是它的否定性内容,即追求特殊的政治利益(用马基雅弗利的话来讲,即那些关于获得和确保“诸侯国”内部权力的利益以及领土的扩张)超越于道德和法律的约束,尤其是,可以合法地使用不受限制的武力和预谋性的欺骗。第二个方面并不是很明显,它与上文免于统治者的道德考虑相关,希望统治者的行动确实是理性的即受到效果的控制,并在事实上被导向于一些特定的、主要的利益。只有统治的公共性质,即它关注于自己领土的内部秩序和外部权力,赋予其与其他社会利益相比最高的意义,并授予权力可以侵犯那些适用于每个人或所有其他事业的道德律令。

Weber emphasized the contrast between the realm of political action and that of morality by suggesting that each is the appropriate ambit of a distinctive "ethic". Under the ethic of intention, appropriate to morality, whether an act is good or bad depends exclusively on whether it conforms with a categorical norm binding on the individual conscience: you do what it is your duty for you to do, and let the consequences of your dutiful action take care of themselves. Under the ethic of responsibility, appropirate to the political realm, you do what you must do in order to actually produce the wanted consequences; you must strive to determine these, take charge of them, rather than devoting yourself to the fulfillment of principles, however worthy:

"there is an abyss between acting accordin...

........In fact, it suggests that although one often speaks of 'the modern state' (I have myself made use of this expression), strictly speaking the adjective 'modern' is pleonastic. FOr the set of features listed above is not found in any large-scale political entities other than those which began to develop in the early-modern phase of European h

In previous large-scale political entities, political power was institutionalized in a different manner, and mostly to a lesser extent. Those entities mainly expressed and extended the particular powers and interests of individual rules and dynasties; in them.......political prerogatives were undifferentiated components of privileged social standing. In general, those entities were structured as loose confederations of powerful individuals and ...

In any case, in those parts of Europe where the state developed earlier and more effectively, that development took primarily the form of a progressive reduction of the political prerogatives of the estates, and of their concentration in the hands of the ruler. The ruler undertook to exercise these prerogatives in a comprehensive and relatively uniform manner over the whole territory, via an apparatus of rule which depended on him alone. The progressive erosion of the characteristic dualism of the polity of estates led to what can be considered the first major institutional embodiment of the modern state, the so-called absolute state.

编辑推荐

★林海音独步文坛的经典自传体小说，入选“20世纪中文小说一百强”，新加坡“三本华文 书”之一。

★用说不出的天真，道尽人世复杂的情感。